PHAPANG PAKENG TSA BK, GBK, BKS, NBK IN STEEL.

PHAPANG PAKENG TSA BK, GBK, BKS, NBK IN STEEL.

TS'ELISO:

Annealing le normalizing ea tšepe ke mekhoa e 'meli e tloaelehileng ea phekolo ea mocheso.
Sepheo sa phekolo ea mocheso oa pele: ho felisa mefokolo e meng ea likheo le lihlahisoa tse seng li felile, le ho lokisetsa mokhatlo bakeng sa ho sebetsa ha serame se latelang le phekolo ea ho qetela ea mocheso.
Sepheo sa ho qetela sa phekolo ea mocheso: ho fumana ts'ebetso e hlokahalang ea workpiece.
Sepheo sa annealing le ho tloaeleha ke ho felisa mefokolo e itseng e bakoang ke ts'ebetso e chesang ea tšepe, kapa ho itokisetsa ho khaola le ho qetela kalafo ea mocheso.

 Ho kenngoa ha tšepe:
1. Khopolo: Ts'ebetso ea ho futhumatsa mocheso oa likarolo tsa tšepe ho mocheso o loketseng (ka holimo kapa ka tlase ho Ac1), ho o boloka ka nako e itseng, ebe o pholile butle-butle ho fumana sebopeho se haufi le tekano ho bitsoa annealing.
2. Sepheo:
(1) Fokotsa ho thatafala le ho ntlafatsa polasetiki
(2) Hloekisa lijo-thollo le ho felisa mefokolo ea sebopeho
(3) Felisa khatello ea kelello ka hare
(4) Lokisetsa mokhatlo o hlophisitsoeng bakeng sa ho tima
Mofuta: (Ho ea ka mocheso o futhumatsang, o ka aroloa ka annealing ka holimo kapa ka tlase ho mocheso o matla (Ac1 kapa Ac3) Ea pele e boetse e bitsoa phase change recrystallization annealing, ho kenyelletsa le annealing e feletseng, diffusion annealing homogenization annealing, incomplete annealing, le spheroidizing annealing; Ea morao-rao e kenyelletsa ho hlasimolla le ho imolla khatello ea maikutlo.)

•  Tlatsetso e felletseng(GBK+A) :

1) Khopolo: Chesa tšepe ea hypoeutectoid (Wc = 0.3% ~ 0.6%) ho AC3 + (30 ~ 50) ℃, 'me ka mor'a hore e tiisetsoe ka ho feletseng, ho boloka mocheso le ho phomola butle (ho latela sebōpi, ho pata ka lehlabathe, kalaka), Mokhoa oa ho phekola mocheso ho fumana mohaho o haufi le boemo ba tekano o bitsoa annealing e feletseng.2) Morero: Hloekisa lijo-thollo, sebopeho se ts'oanang, tlosa khatello ea maikutlo ka hare, fokotsa boima, 'me u ntlafatse ts'ebetso ea ho itšeha.
2) Ts'ebetso: ho kenella ka botlalo le ho pholile butle ka sebōpi ho ka etsa bonnete ba hore ho na le pula ea proeutectoid ferrite le phetoho ea supercooled austenite ho pearlite mocheso o moholo o ka tlaase ho Ar1.Nako ea ho tšoara workpiece mocheso oa annealing ha e etse feela hore workpiece e chese, ke hore, mokokotlo oa workpiece o fihla mocheso o futhumatsang o hlokahalang, empa hape o tiisa hore homogenized austenite eohle e bonoa ho finyella recrystallization e feletseng.Nako ea ho ts'oara ea annealing e feletseng e amana le lintlha tse kang ho hlophisoa ha tšepe, botenya ba mosebetsi, bokhoni ba ho kenya sebōpi le mokhoa oa ho kenya sebōpi.Tlhahisong ea 'nete, molemong oa ho ntlafatsa tlhahiso, ho futhumatsa le ho pholisa ho fihla ho 600 ℃ ho ka ba ka ntle ho sebōpi le ho futhumatsa moea.
Sebaka sa ts'ebeliso: ho lahla, ho cheselletsa, ho forging le ho roala ha tšepe ea carbon e bohareng le tšepe ea carbon alloy e bohareng, joalo-joalo Tlhokomeliso: Tšepe e tlaase ea carbon le hypereutectoid steel ha ea lokela ho kenngoa ka ho feletseng.Ho thatafala ha tšepe e tlaase ea carbon e tlaase ka mor'a ho kenngoa ka ho feletseng, e leng ho sa lokelang ho itšeha.Ha tšepe ea hypereutectoid e futhumala ho ea sebakeng sa austenite ka holimo ho Accm 'me e pholile butle-butle le ho kenngoa, marang-rang a cementite ea bobeli a fokotseha, e leng ho fokotsang matla, polasetiki le phello e thata ea tšepe.

• Spheroidizing annealing:

1) Khopolo: Ts'ebetso ea annealing ea spheroidize carbides ka tšepe e bitsoa spheroidizing annealing.
2) Ts'ebetso: Kakaretso ea spheroidizing annealing process Ac1+(10~20)℃ e pholile ka sebōpi ho ea ho 500 ~ 600 ℃ ka pholileng ea moea.
3) Morero: ho fokotsa boima, ho ntlafatsa mokhatlo, ho ntlafatsa polasetiki le ts'ebetso ea ho itšeha.
4) Sebaka sa kopo: haholo-holo e sebelisetsoang ho itšeha lisebelisoa, lisebelisoa tsa ho lekanya, liforomo, joalo-joalo tsa tšepe ea eutectoid le tšepe ea hypereutectoid.Ha tšepe ea hypereutectoid e na le marang-rang a cementite ea bobeli, ha e na feela boima bo phahameng 'me ho thata ho etsa ho itšeha, empa hape e eketsa brittleness ea tšepe, e atisang ho tima deformation le ho phunyeha.Ka lebaka lena, e spheroidizing annealing thulaganyou e lokela ho ekeletsoa ka mor'a ho sebetsa chesang ea tšepe ho spheroidize flake infiltrate ka reticulated secondary cementite le pearlite ho fumana granular pearlite.
Sekhahla sa ho pholisa le mocheso oa isothermal le tsona li tla ama phello ea carbide spheroidization.Sekhahla sa ho pholisa ka potlako kapa mocheso o tlase oa isothermal o tla etsa hore pearlite e thehoe ka mocheso o tlase.Likaroloana tsa carbide li ntle haholo 'me phello ea ho kopanya e nyenyane, e leng se etsang hore ho be bonolo ho theha li-carbides tse nang le flaky.Ka lebaka leo, boima bo phahame.Haeba sekhahla sa ho pholisa se lieha haholo kapa mocheso oa isothermal o phahame haholo, likaroloana tsa carbide tse entsoeng li tla ba mahoashe mme phello ea agglomeration e tla ba matla haholo.Ho bonolo ho etsa li-carbide tse granular tsa botenya bo fapaneng le ho etsa hore boima bo be tlase.

•  Homogenization annealing (diffusion annealing):

1) Tshebetso: Ts'ebetso ea mocheso oa mocheso oa ho futhumatsa li-ingots tsa tšepe tsa alloy kapa li-castings ho 150 ~ 00 ℃ ka holimo ho Ac3, ho tšoara 10 ~ 15h ebe o pholile butle-butle ho felisa lik'hemik'hale tse sa tšoaneng tsa lik'hemik'hale.
2) Morero: Felisa karohano ea dendrite nakong ea crystallization le homogenize sebopeho.Ka lebaka la mocheso o phahameng oa mocheso le nako e telele, lithollo tsa austenite li tla ba mahoashe haholo.Ka hona, ka kakaretso hoa hlokahala ho etsa annealing e feletseng kapa normalizing ho hloekisa lijo-thollo le ho felisa mefokolo e feteletseng.
3) Sebaka sa kopo: haholo-holo e sebelisetsoang li-ingots tsa tšepe tsa alloy, li-castings le forgings tse nang le litlhoko tsa boleng bo phahameng.
4) Tlhokomeliso: Ho kenyelletsa mocheso o phahameng oa mocheso ho na le potoloho e telele ea tlhahiso, tšebeliso e matla ea matla, oxidation e tebileng le decarburization ea sesebelisoa sa mosebetsi, le litšenyehelo tse phahameng.Ke litšepe tse ling tsa boleng bo holimo tsa alloy le li-alloy castings le li-ingots tsa tšepe tse nang le karohano e matla tse sebelisang ts'ebetso ena.Bakeng sa li-castings tse nang le boholo bo fokolang ka kakaretso kapa li-castings tsa carbon steel, ka lebaka la tekanyo ea bona e bobebe ea karohano, annealing e feletseng e ka sebelisoa ho hloekisa lijo-thollo le ho felisa khatello ea kelello.

• Ho fokotsa khatello ea maikutlo

1) Khopolo: Ho kopanya ho tlosa khatello ea kelello e bakoang ke ho etsoa ha polasetiki ea deformation, welding, joalo-joalo le khatello e setseng ea ho lahla ho bitsoa khatello ea maikutlo annealing.(Ha ho na tšitiso e etsahalang nakong ea khatello ea maikutlo)
2) Ts'ebetso: butle-butle futhumatsa setsi sa mosebetsi ho 100 ~ 200 ℃ (500 ~ 600 ℃) ka tlase ho Ac1 'me u se boloke nako e itseng (1 ~ 3h), ebe butle-butle se pholile ho 200 ℃ ka sebōpi, ebe se pholile. e tsoa seboping.
Tšepe ka kakaretso ke 500℃600℃
Ka kakaretso tšepe ea cast e feta 550 buckles ho 500-550 ℃, e leng se tla baka habonolo graphitization ea pearlite.Likarolo tsa welding hangata ke 500℃600℃.
3) Bophahamo ba ts'ebeliso: Felisa khatello e setseng ka har'a likarolo tse entsoeng ka tšepe, tse entsoeng, tse cheselitsoeng, likarolo tse batang tsa setempe le lisebelisoa tse entsoeng ka mochini ho tsitsisa boholo ba likarolo tsa tšepe, ho fokotsa deformation le ho thibela ho phatloha.

Normalizing ea tšepe:
1. Khopolo: ho futhumatsa tšepe ho 30-50 ° C ka holimo ho Ac3 (kapa Accm) le ho e tšoara ka nako e loketseng;mokhoa oa ho phekola mocheso oa ho pholisa moeeng o khutsitseng o bitsoa normalizing of steel.
2. Morero: Hloekisa lijo-thollo, sebopeho se ts'oanang, lokisa boima, joalo-joalo.
3. Mokhatlo: Eutectoid steel S, hypoeutectoid steel F+S, hypereutectoid steel Fe3CⅡ+S
4. Ts'ebetso: Ho tloaeleha nako ea ho boloka mocheso ho tšoana le ho koala ka botlalo.E lokela ho thehoa holim'a workpiece ka ho chesa, ke hore, mokokotlo o fihla mocheso o futhumatsang o hlokahalang, 'me lintlha tse kang tšepe, sebopeho sa pele, matla a sebōpi le lisebelisoa tsa ho futhumatsa le tsona li lokela ho nkoa.Mokhoa o sebelisoang ka ho fetisisa oa ho pholile o tloaelehileng ke ho ntša tšepe ka sebōping sa ho futhumatsa le ho e pholile ka tlhaho moeeng.Bakeng sa likarolo tse kholo, ho foka, ho fafatsa le ho lokisa sebaka sa stacking sa likarolo tsa tšepe le tsona li ka sebelisoa ho laola lebelo la ho pholile ha likarolo tsa tšepe ho finyella mokhatlo o hlokahalang le tshebetso.

5. Lethathamo la likopo:

• 1) Ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea ho itšeha ea tšepe.Tšepe ea carbon le alloy e tlaase e nang le carbon content e ka tlaase ho 0.25% e na le boima bo tlaase ka mor'a ho kenngoa, 'me ho bonolo ho "khomarela" nakong ea ho itšeha.Ka kalafo e tloaelehileng, ferrite ea mahala e ka fokotsoa mme flake pearlite e ka fumanoa.Ho eketsa boima ba 'mele ho ka ntlafatsa machinability ea tšepe, ho eketsa bophelo ba sesebelisoa le ho qeta holim'a mosebetsi.
• 2) Felisa liphoso tsa ho sebetsa ka mocheso.Medium-carbon structural steel castings, forgings, rolling parts le welded parts ba na le tšekamelo ea ho ba le mefokolo e fetelletseng le meaho e tlamisitsoeng joalo ka lijo-thollo tse mahoashe ka mor'a ho futhumatsa.Ka mokhoa o tloaelehileng oa phekolo, mehaho ena e nang le bokooa e ka felisoa, 'me morero oa ho hloekisa lijo-thollo, sebopeho se ts'oanang le ho felisa khatello ea kelello ea ka hare e ka finyelloa.
• 3) Felisa li-carbides tsa marang-rang tsa tšepe ea hypereutectoid, e leng ho nolofalletsang spheroidizing annealing.Hypereutectoid tšepe e lokela ho ba spheroidized le annealed pele quenching ho bebofatsa machining le ho lokisetsa sebopeho bakeng sa quenching.Leha ho le joalo, ha ho na le li-carbides tse tebileng tsa marang-rang ka tšepe ea hypereutectoid, phello e ntle ea spheroidizing e ke ke ea finyelloa.Net carbide e ka felisoa ka ho tloaeleha kalafo.
• 4) Ntlafatsa thepa ea mochini ea likarolo tse tloaelehileng tsa sebopeho.Likarolo tse ling tsa tšepe tsa carbon le alloy tse nang le khatello e nyane le litlhoko tse tlase tsa ts'ebetso li tloaelehile ho fihlela ts'ebetso e itseng e akaretsang ea mochini, e ka nkang sebaka sa ho tima le ho futhumatsa kalafo joalo ka kalafo ea ho qetela ea mocheso oa likarolo.

Khetho ea annealing le normalizing
Phapang e kholo lipakeng tsa annealing le normalizing:
1. Sekhahla sa ho pholisa sa normalizing se potlakile hanyenyane ho feta annealing, 'me tekanyo ea undercooling e kholoanyane.
2. Sebopeho se fumanoeng ka mor'a ho tloaeleha se setle, 'me matla le boima li phahame ho feta tsa annealing.Khetho ea annealing le normalizing:

• Bakeng sa tšepe e tlaase ea carbon e nang le carbon content <0.25%, ho tloaelehile ho sebelisoa ho e-na le ho tsuba.Hobane sekhahla sa ho pholisa ka potlako se ka thibela tšepe e tlase ea khabone hore e se ke ea thella samente ea thuto e phahameng ea mahala haufi le moeli oa lijo-thollo, ka hona ho ntlafatsa ts'ebetso e batang ea deformation ea likarolo tsa setempe;ho tloaeleha ho ka ntlafatsa ho thatafala ha tšepe le ts'ebetso ea ho itšeha ea tšepe e tlaase ea carbon;Ts'ebetsong ea phekolo ea mocheso, ho tloaeleha ho ka sebelisoa ho hloekisa lijo-thollo le ho ntlafatsa matla a tšepe e tlaase ea carbon.
• Tšepe ea khabone e mahareng e nang le khabone e lipakeng tsa 0.25 le 0.5% le eona e ka tloaeleha ho e-na le ho annealing.Le hoja ho thatafala ha tšepe ea carbon e bohareng e haufi le moeli o ka holimo oa carbon content e phahame ka mor'a hore e tloaelehe, e ntse e ka khaola le litšenyehelo tsa ho tloaeleha tlhahiso e tlaase le e phahameng.
• Tšepe e nang le carbon content pakeng tsa 0.5 le 0.75%, ka lebaka la carbon content e ngata, ho thatafala ka mor'a ho tloaeleha ho phahame haholo ho feta ha annealing, 'me ho thata ho khaola.Ka hona, annealing e felletseng e sebelisoa ka kakaretso ho fokotsa boima le ho ntlafatsa ho itšeha.Tshebetso ea ho sebetsa.
• Litšepe tse phahameng tsa khabone kapa litšepe tse nang le khabone> 0.75% hangata li sebelisa spheroidizing annealing e le kalafo ea pele ea mocheso.Haeba ho na le marang-rang a cementite ea bobeli, e lokela ho tloaeleha pele.

Mohloli:Lingoliloeng tsa litsebi tsa mechini.

Mohlophisi: Ali